Impact of covid 19

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

 The containment of the spread of COVID-19 pandemic and limitations on commercial activities, mobility and manufacturing sector have significantly affected waste management. Waste management is critical to human development and health outcomes, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management by observing lockdown and social distancing measures. We found that the quantity of waste increased across countries observing the social distancing measure of staying at home. 

The intensification of single-use products and panic buying has increased production and consumption, hence thwarting efforts towards reducing plastic pollution. However, several countries have thus far instituted policies to ensure sustainable management of waste while protecting the safety of waste handlers. Due to the stockpiling of gloves, gowns, masks and other protective clothing and equipment, there appears to be a waste emergency due to the unusual production of waste from both households and health facilities Waste Management (PPE KEET, MASK, MEDICINS AND MEDICINAL WASTE, SANITIZING MECHANISM)? Pandemics challenge many aspects of human society, including resources and waste management.

 With the increased demand and use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers, healthcare waste is expected to surge as well. There are also concerns that inadequate handling of healthcare waste might further spread the virus. A major challenge of containing COVID-19 is to handle the highly infectious waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, and quarantine of those infected patients. What is Corona? Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is contagious and caused by the novel corona virus. [1] 

It has been declared a global pandemic. Corona virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose and mouth when an infected person coughs or sneezes. These droplets contaminate the objects and surfaces around that person and infect others who touch their eyes, nose, or mouth after touching the infected objects or surfaces. Hygiene compliance and isolation are necessary to break the infection chain. Dead Body? Their waste must be stored, collected, transported, recycled, processed, and disposed separately. 

All those handling COVID-19 infected waste or meet they are potentially at risk of being infected new systems and technologies may need to be in place for properly handling surges in healthcare waste. Each of these topics is closely related to sustainable resources management, an aim of Resources, Conservation & Recycling (RCR). For example, Bengaluru city has 198 wards and generates around 3000 to 3500 tons/day of municipal solid waste (MSW) from domestic sources and 40 tons/day of bio-medical waste or BMW.[2,3] 

The latest data show that the city has 32 hotspot wards. In each, (a) at least one COVID-19 patient has been reported in the previous 28 days, or (b) at least 50 people are in quarantine. These hot spots generate 493 tons/day of MSW all of which would be infected by BMW from COVID-19 if it is not treated separately. Assessing the challenge of sustainable waste management due to COVID-19 Pollution and environmental-related noise and improved biodiversity and tourist sites, however, the impact of stay-at-home and preventive measures on waste management is alarming. The stockpiling of gloves, gowns, masks and other protective clothing and equipment, there appears to be a waste emergency. As such several guidelines have been proposed ranging from (Cristina 2020) [9]: (1) Proper management of municipal solid waste using personal protective equipment, safety practices and administrative and engineering controls. (2) Managing COVID-19 contaminated medical waste as regulated medical waste. (3) Recycling of waste using safety practices that prevent infection and cross-contamination. (4) Proper management of wastewater using ultraviolet irradiation for inactivation, and per acetic acid and hypochlorite for oxidation. Figure 1 WEST OF PANDEMIC TREATMENT

 Treatment is essentially supportive and symptomatic. The first step is to ensure adequate isolation (discussed later) to prevent transmission to other contacts, patients and healthcare workers. The role of corticosteroids is unproven; while current international consensus and WHO advocate against their use, Chinese guidelines do recommend short term therapy with low-to-moderate dose corticosteroids in COVID-19(11) China is also considering introducing legislation to prohibit selling and trading of wild animals. Since at this time there are no approved treatments for this infection, prevention is crucial. The greatest risk in COVID-19 is transmission to healthcare workers. In the SARS outbreak of 2002,21% of those affected were healthcare workers.(10)